Cattle Starter

Category: Forage

  • Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay – PART 3: Receiving and Understanding your Forage Analysis Results

    Welcome to the final post in our 3-part blog series on Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay. Please be sure to read Part 1 – Why should we care about hay quality? and Part 2 – Testing Hay Quality

    In Part 1, we discuss the importance of, and the need for, testing the quality of your cattle’s winter hay. In Part 2, we dive into the methodology of collecting a forage sample. We also introduce Dairy One and their Forage Testing Laboratory, based in Ithaca, New York.

    Today, we look into receiving and understanding your forage analysis results. We will also discuss how to apply those results toward your winter feed rationing. We will be focusing specifically on the result components of Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein (CP) and Total Digestible Nutrition (TDN).

    How do you receive your forage analysis results? Dairy One’s Forage Testing Laboratory will send your forage analysis results via email, with the option to also receive copies by fax or mail. I imagine that other Forage Testing Laboratories throughout the country operate in a similar manner.

    Your forage analysis results will vary, depending on the forage testing you selected. For each sample submitted, you will receive a forage analysis. If you submitted four samples, you will receive four separate reports. It is very important that you label your samples when submitting them. Be sure to use those same sample names when filling out your Forage Sample Submission Form.

    The forage testing is very thorough, testing for a wide-range of nutritional components in each forage sample. For the purposes of this blog series, I am narrowing down our nutritional focus to Crude Protein and Total Digestible Nutrition results, on a Dry Matter basis.

    Your forage analysis report will look similar to the one pictured below. Looking at the report, you will see two colums of results. The first column is on an As Fed basis, with the second column on a Dry Matter (DM) basis. When making ration calculations, you want to use the values from the Dry Matter basis. As I discussed in Part 1 of this series, the Dry Matter basis takes into account the moisture content of the forage sample. Each component is presented in terms of a percentage (%). For example, in the Forage Sample #1 Picture, the moisture content is 8.0%. Therefore, Forage Sample #1 is 92% dry matter. All further calculations would need to be made based on this percentage of 92% DM. Looking further down the DM column, we find that CP and TDN values are 6.4% and 59%, respectively. Again, the percentages are different from the As Fed values.

    Example Format Forage Analysis Results

    Going back to our hypothetical 1200-pound beef cow example from Part 1 of this blog series. This mature cow is in the pre-calving stage (60-90 days before calving). Her diet should be comprised of approximately 24.4lbs Dry Matter intake/day, with a nutritional break-down of approximately 8.6% Crude Protein and 54.6% Total Digestible Nutrients. (https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-012/400-012.html).

    Consider that this cow’s sole forage source is represented by the forage sample analysis in the Forage Sample #1 Picture, below. She requires at a minimum, 8.6% CP, and the forage analysis shows us that her forage has only 6.4% CP. The TDN value is better, at 59%, and meets her TDN requirement of 54.6%. This tells us that she will need a higher amount of dry matter (hay)/day or a protein supplement or some combination of both. What supplement you decide on (e.g., more hay, protein cakes, barley malt sprout tailings, etc) will be individualized to each operation, of course.

    Forage Sample #1

    Do you have enough hay to feed out more each day, to meet that crude protein requirement? If not, do you have access to supplemental feed that would bridge the crude protein gap?

    How do we use the values from our forage analysis report to calculate how much extra supplment may be needed?

    Example 1

    First, lets start with the hay that was sampled. Let’s figure out how much more of that hay you would need to feed/day to meet your cow’s 8.6% CP requirement.

    Our cow requires approx. 24.4lbs of Dry Matter/day. Our forage sample has a dry matter value of 92%.

    Equation:

    Lbs DM required (24.4) / % DM of the feed (0.92) = 26.5lbs hay/day

    Looking at the equation above, we see that our cow will require approx. 26.5lbs hay/day.

    As stated earlier, we already know that she will need more crude protein than what will be provided in that 26.5lbs/hay/day. If we want to meet her crude protein needs by the hay alone AND using the same hay that has 6.4% CP, we would need to feed her an additional 8.5lbs hay/day.

    How did I get to that value of 8.5lbs? I explain below.

    First, we need to calculate how many lbs of Crude Protein is required per day for our cow.

    We take our required Dry Matter requirement of 24.4lbs/day * 0.086 (This is the percentage required of Crude Protein)

    This gives us a value of 2.1 lbs/day required of Crude Protein.

    Next, we need to run the same equation as above but substitute our Crude Protein value from our forage analysis result.

    Dry Matter requirement of 24.4lbs/day * 0.064 (This is the percentage of Crude Protein in our forage analysis results).

    This gives us a value of 1.56 lbs. This tells us that the hay tested in our forage analysis only contains 1.56 lbs of the 2.1 lbs required of Crude Protein.

    Now, we take 2.1 lbs – 1.56 lbs and determine that we need to supplement for an additional 0.54 lbs of Crude Protein per day.

    Finally, we take 0.54lbs/0.064 (This is the percentage of Crude Protein in our forage analysis results) and this takes us to our value from above of an additional 8.5 lbs/day required to meet our cow’s Crude Protein needs.

    Example 2

    Another way to supplement for Crude Protein, besides feeding-out more hay, would be to provide a protein supplement. For us, we favor using barley malt sprout tailings to provide for our cows’ extra protein needs. These tailings contain approx. 20% protein.

    We know from Example 1 that our cow will need an additional 0.54 lbs of Crude Protein per day.

    Therefore, we can divide:

    (additional lbs/day of protein needed) / (percentage of protein in the barley malt sprout tailings supplement)

    0.54lbs / 0.20 = 2.7 lbs/day required of barley malt sprout tailings per day to meet our cow’s Crude Proteins needs.

    I hope the above information, as well as the previous two posts in this series have proved helpful in assessing the quality and quantity of your cattle’s winter feed.

    Thank you for reading along! We appreciate it.

    Please be sure to read Part 1 – Why should we care about hay quality? and Part 2 – Testing Hay Quality

  • Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay – PART 2: Testing Hay Quality

    Welcome to Part 2 of our blog series on Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay. Please be sure to read Part 1 – Why should we care about hay quality?

    Today’s post will focus on the methodology of collecting a forage sample, the tools/supplies needed, and where you can send your forage sample for analysis.

    We live in Northern Maine and send our hay samples to Dairy One and their Forage Testing Laboratory, based in Ithaca, New York.

    Their website is extremely user-friendly, and their instructions for collecting a forage sample are thorough and easy to understand. Further, they even provide forage analysis kits and other supplies to help with the sample collection process.

    Forage Sample Submission Form
    Collecting a Forage Sample

    Their Forage Sample Submission Form is available online, as well as a step-by-step guide to Collecting a Forage Sample.

    Forage samples need to be submitted in a quart-sized plastic bag within a Dairy One Forage Analysis Laboratory mailer envelope. For our purposes, we will be discussing the methodology of collecting a HAY sample. Please see the guide for Collecting a Forage Sample, for all other forage types.

    Steps for Collecting a Hay Sample

    Hay Probe Tool

    If you don’t already own one, you will need to purchase a Hay Probe tool. This tool will allow you to bore (or make a hole), through each hay bale. Using a hay probe to collect a core sample will allow for the most accurate nutritional breakdown of each of your particular sample lots. Also, the hay probes on the market today are extremely user-friendly and can be used to collect many samples, both efficiently and effectively by a single person.

    Determining Different Sample Lots (if applicable)

    Be sure to determine your sample lots.

    Let’s say you purchased hay from two different hay producers, and their hay bales are from two different cuttings, a month apart:

    We have Producer A, with cuts from July and August, each from a separate field, and we have Producer B, also with cuts from July and August in two different fields. That gives us 4 LOTS to sample.

    For the most representative and accurate analysis, the lab recommends that you sample 12-20 bales per lot, picked at random.

    Collecting the Hay Samples

    Supplies/Tools Needed:

    Hay probe

    Clean bucket to collect hay samples

    Clean, quart-sized plastic zip lock bags

    Permanent marker to label each bag with Lot Name (e.g., Producer A – July Hay)

    Use your hay probe to bore into each bale in the appropriate location (see here for instructions for square and round bales). Empty the hay probe’s cleanout rod into your clean bucket, and then move to your next bale, adding each sample to the same bucket as you go along. After completing each lot, you should have 1 bucket with all of your samples. Mix the samples by hand in the bucket and fill your sample bag with approximately 1 pound of material (the lab recommends 2-3 good handfuls). Squeeze out as much air as possible and seal the bag. Repeat this entire process for each of your lots, being sure to keep your samples labeled.

    Place each labeled, quart-sized plastic zip lock bag sample into your Dairy One Forage Analysis Laboratory mailer, along with a completed submission form and place in the mail. The lab will test your samples based on the type of forage testing you select. We always select the Forage NIR testing, which is $18.00/sample. This analysis provides us with Crude Protein and Total Digestible Nutrition, as well as a wide plethora of other nutritional information on a Dry Matter and an As-Is basis. Results will be sent to the email that you provide on the submission form. You can also receive copies by fax or mail.

    Please see our final post in this series: PART 3: Receiving and Understanding your Forage Analysis Results

    Also, if you missed Part 1, please check it out here: Part 1 – Why should we care about hay quality?

    Thank you for reading!

  • Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay – PART 1: Why should we care about hay quality?

    This will be a 3-part blog series on: Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay.

    Today’s post is Part 1 – Why should we care about hay quality? (Part 2 of our series is ready to read as well! Please check it out!)

    Forage costs are arguably the highest expense for any cattle operation, especially for those farmers whom feed-out hundreds of hay bales each winter. When you are budgeting for, and estimating your winter hay needs, it is important (nutritionally and financially) to know the actual quality of your hay. Each hay bale purchased is a small investment into your operation. You are putting forth money (and a lot of it for many of us) into forage/hay purchases and in turn, you hope that your forage/hay will provide the right rations of nutrition for your beef cattle. Ultimately, your “pay-off” will be represented by those same beef cattle thriving throughout the winter hay feeding season and then producing a healthy calf come calving time, and continuing to thrive and produce, year-after-year.

    When I talk about a cow thriving and producing, I am thinking in terms of this: “thrive and produce” = a gestating cow that can maintain her body condition (as best as possible) during the winter, by consuming forage/hay that is a high-enough quality to allow for healthy fetus development of her calf, lactation production, and delivery of a healthy, strong calf. Then, post-calving, she needs to come into estrus/start cycling and be bred-back, all the while nursing her calf. AND for first-calf and second-calf heifers, we expect them to do all of this, PLUS continue to grow themselves. A tall order, indeed!

    We expect a lot out of our beef cows, and therefore, we need to provide them with the quality of forage/hay/feed they need to thrive and produce.

    So, how do we test our winter hay? (Please check-out Part 2 of this blog series, where we discuss this in more depth)

    How do we measure the quality of all those winter hay bales out in our fields or barns? (Please check-out Part 2 of this blog series, where we discuss this in more depth)

    Does quantity equal quality? No, it does not. You can have all the hay bales that you require according to your calculations (see here for calculating winter hay) but if the hay quality does not meet the nutritional demands of your animals, you very likely will need to feed out more forage/hay/feed supplement per day/per head than you initially calculated for.

    And, what do we mean by the term “quality”?

    Have you ever looked a bale of hay and wondered, “what really is in this hay?” “How nutritional is this hay? And how does my hay meet the nutritional demands of my animals?

    We have only been in the beef cattle business and thus, dealing with hay, for six years. As such, we continue to learn and grow in regards to what we look for when buying hay. We have started to get a very small sense of the quality of our hay by sight and smell. Hay that has more of a “fresh-cut smell”, than a “musky, moldy smell.” We have had some bales with mold all the way through. Moldy hay will likely provide your cattle with little, if any, nutritional value, and more importantly, may not be safe to feed your your pregnant cows (moldy hay has been known to cause fungal abortions in pregnant cows). The more hay bales you look at, the more you can start to develop a visual basis, for which you can compare to bales from different producers/fields/times of year. We can look at two different hay bales, from either two different producers or the same producer but different fields and/or different cut, and visually see a difference in what we perceive is the quality of those bales. Then, we can discuss those differences until we are blue in the face. In the end, we could think we feel confident that we are feeding our mama cows hay with the right nutritional break-down but are we really????

    What nutritional break-down are we looking for in a bale of hay?

    Throughout this 3-part blog series, I will be referring to several nutritional terms:

    Dry Matter (DM): Simply put, the term dry matter is the amount of hay, that when tested, is moisture-free. When a hay sample is tested, you will receive a forage analysis report, and one of the variables quantified, is the amount of moisture in the forage sample. Say that a particular sample of hay is 15% moisture and 85% dry matter. When making beef cow feed ration calculations, you need to use the dry matter composition. We will discuss this in more-depth later on in this series. I will refer to Dry Matter as DM.

    Crude Protein (CP): Crude protein is another variable quantified in a forage/hay analysis. The percentage of crude protein tells us how much nitrogen is present in a given sample, representing both true protein and non-protein nitrogen. For example, a 1200-pound beef cow, in the pre-calving stage (60-90 days before calving) will require a diet of approximately 8.6% crude protein. (https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-012/400-012.html). This value will vary depending on the age of your cow (first-calf heifer versus mature cow, time of year, weather conditions, and where they are in the production cycle (pre-calving, postpartum, lactating (nursing a calf) and pregnant (bred-back after calving), and gestation (pregnancy stage after weaning calf, not lactating). This publication, by the Virginia Cooperative Extension, provides an extremely detailed and very useful guide for nutritional requirements (CP and TDN) for beef cows throughout the entire production cycle for mature cows, 1st-calf heifers, and more.) I will refer to Crude Protein as CP.

    Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN): The TDN percentage in a forage analysis tells us all about energy: The total amount of the digestible protein, lipid, carbohydrates and fiber components present. Knowing the TDN percentage allows us to better decide if our forage is meeting the energy requirements of our cattle, and further, is a key component in determining and balancing winter forage rations. I will refer to Total Digestible Nutrients as TDN.

    Continuing with our example from above (Crude Protein needs) of a 1200-pound beef cow, in the pre-calving stage (60-90 days before calving), this cow’s diet should be comprised of approximately 54.6% TDN. Our hypothetical, 1200-pound beef cow, in the pre-calving stage (60-90 days before calving) will require around 24.4lbs Dry Matter intake/day, with a nutritional break-down of approximately 8.6%/2.07lbs/day Crude Protein and 54.6%/13.2lbs/day Total Digestible Nutrients. (https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-012/400-012.html).

    How we approach the management of our cattle herd is an ever-evolving work in progress, and there will never be a one-size-fits-all mold. What worked last winter may not work this winter and so forth. Thus, I think part of the draw and challenge for us is that there always is and always will be new things for us to learn. The all-important topic of Winter Hay/Forage/Feed Quality is always on our minds, no matter the time of year. On that note, I thank you for taking the time to read this post. Understanding the importance of – and how to test for – the quality of our cattle’s winter hay is critical in ensuring top performance and production of our beef cattle. I encourage you to please check out the rest of this 3-part series, as we post it. Thank you!

    Please head over to PART 2 in our Testing and Measuring the Quality of your Cattle’s Winter Hay blog series and take a read! PART 2: Testing Hay Quality

    Please see our final post in this series: PART 3: Receiving and Understanding your Forage Analysis Results